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Privacy Policy for THECEOAKHIL

Privacy Policy

Last updated: September 06, 2023

This Privacy Policy describes Our policies and procedures on the collection, use and disclosure of Your information when You use the Service and tells You about Your privacy rights and how the law protects You.

We use Your Personal data to provide and improve the Service. By using the Service, You agree to the collection and use of information in accordance with this Privacy Policy. This Privacy Policy has been created with the help of the Free Privacy Policy Generator.

Interpretation and Definitions

Interpretation

The words of which the initial letter is capitalized have meanings defined under the following conditions. The following definitions shall have the same meaning regardless of whether they appear in singular or in plural.

Definitions

For the purposes of this Privacy Policy:

  • Account means a unique account created for You to access our Service or parts of our Service.

  • Affiliate means an entity that controls, is controlled by or is under common control with a party, where "control" means ownership of 50% or more of the shares, equity interest or other securities entitled to vote for election of directors or other managing authority.

  • Company (referred to as either "the Company", "We", "Us" or "Our" in this Agreement) refers to THECEOAKHIL.

  • Cookies are small files that are placed on Your computer, mobile device or any other device by a website, containing the details of Your browsing history on that website among its many uses.

  • Country refers to: Telangana, India

  • Device means any device that can access the Service such as a computer, a cellphone or a digital tablet.

  • Personal Data is any information that relates to an identified or identifiable individual.

  • Service refers to the Website.

  • Service Provider means any natural or legal person who processes the data on behalf of the Company. It refers to third-party companies or individuals employed by the Company to facilitate the Service, to provide the Service on behalf of the Company, to perform services related to the Service or to assist the Company in analyzing how the Service is used.

  • Third-party Social Media Service refers to any website or any social network website through which a User can log in or create an account to use the Service.

  • Usage Data refers to data collected automatically, either generated by the use of the Service or from the Service infrastructure itself (for example, the duration of a page visit).

  • Website refers to THECEOAKHIL, accessible from https://theceoakhil.blogspot.com/

  • You means the individual accessing or using the Service, or the company, or other legal entity on behalf of which such individual is accessing or using the Service, as applicable.

Collecting and Using Your Personal Data

Types of Data Collected

Personal Data

While using Our Service, We may ask You to provide Us with certain personally identifiable information that can be used to contact or identify You. Personally identifiable information may include, but is not limited to:

  • Email address

  • First name and last name

  • Phone number

  • Address, State, Province, ZIP/Postal code, City

  • Usage Data

Usage Data

Usage Data is collected automatically when using the Service.

Usage Data may include information such as Your Device's Internet Protocol address (e.g. IP address), browser type, browser version, the pages of our Service that You visit, the time and date of Your visit, the time spent on those pages, unique device identifiers and other diagnostic data.

When You access the Service by or through a mobile device, We may collect certain information automatically, including, but not limited to, the type of mobile device You use, Your mobile device unique ID, the IP address of Your mobile device, Your mobile operating system, the type of mobile Internet browser You use, unique device identifiers and other diagnostic data.

We may also collect information that Your browser sends whenever You visit our Service or when You access the Service by or through a mobile device.

Information from Third-Party Social Media Services

The Company allows You to create an account and log in to use the Service through the following Third-party Social Media Services:

  • Google
  • Facebook
  • Instagram
  • Twitter
  • LinkedIn

If You decide to register through or otherwise grant us access to a Third-Party Social Media Service, We may collect Personal data that is already associated with Your Third-Party Social Media Service's account, such as Your name, Your email address, Your activities or Your contact list associated with that account.

You may also have the option of sharing additional information with the Company through Your Third-Party Social Media Service's account. If You choose to provide such information and Personal Data, during registration or otherwise, You are giving the Company permission to use, share, and store it in a manner consistent with this Privacy Policy.

Tracking Technologies and Cookies

We use Cookies and similar tracking technologies to track the activity on Our Service and store certain information. Tracking technologies used are beacons, tags, and scripts to collect and track information and to improve and analyze Our Service. The technologies We use may include:

  • Cookies or Browser Cookies. A cookie is a small file placed on Your Device. You can instruct Your browser to refuse all Cookies or to indicate when a Cookie is being sent. However, if You do not accept Cookies, You may not be able to use some parts of our Service. Unless you have adjusted Your browser setting so that it will refuse Cookies, our Service may use Cookies.
  • Web Beacons. Certain sections of our Service and our emails may contain small electronic files known as web beacons (also referred to as clear gifs, pixel tags, and single-pixel gifs) that permit the Company, for example, to count users who have visited those pages or opened an email and for other related website statistics (for example, recording the popularity of a certain section and verifying system and server integrity).

Cookies can be "Persistent" or "Session" Cookies. Persistent Cookies remain on Your personal computer or mobile device when You go offline, while Session Cookies are deleted as soon as You close Your web browser. Learn more about cookies on the Free Privacy Policy website article.

We use both Session and Persistent Cookies for the purposes set out below:

  • Necessary / Essential Cookies

    Type: Session Cookies

    Administered by: Us

    Purpose: These Cookies are essential to provide You with services available through the Website and to enable You to use some of its features. They help to authenticate users and prevent fraudulent use of user accounts. Without these Cookies, the services that You have asked for cannot be provided, and We only use these Cookies to provide You with those services.

  • Cookies Policy / Notice Acceptance Cookies

    Type: Persistent Cookies

    Administered by: Us

    Purpose: These Cookies identify if users have accepted the use of cookies on the Website.

  • Functionality Cookies

    Type: Persistent Cookies

    Administered by: Us

    Purpose: These Cookies allow us to remember choices You make when You use the Website, such as remembering your login details or language preference. The purpose of these Cookies is to provide You with a more personal experience and to avoid You having to re-enter your preferences every time You use the Website.

For more information about the cookies we use and your choices regarding cookies, please visit our Cookies Policy or the Cookies section of our Privacy Policy.

Use of Your Personal Data

The Company may use Personal Data for the following purposes:

  • To provide and maintain our Service, including to monitor the usage of our Service.

  • To manage Your Account: to manage Your registration as a user of the Service. The Personal Data You provide can give You access to different functionalities of the Service that are available to You as a registered user.

  • For the performance of a contract: the development, compliance and undertaking of the purchase contract for the products, items or services You have purchased or of any other contract with Us through the Service.

  • To contact You: To contact You by email, telephone calls, SMS, or other equivalent forms of electronic communication, such as a mobile application's push notifications regarding updates or informative communications related to the functionalities, products or contracted services, including the security updates, when necessary or reasonable for their implementation.

  • To provide You with news, special offers and general information about other goods, services and events which we offer that are similar to those that you have already purchased or enquired about unless You have opted not to receive such information.

  • To manage Your requests: To attend and manage Your requests to Us.

  • For business transfers: We may use Your information to evaluate or conduct a merger, divestiture, restructuring, reorganization, dissolution, or other sale or transfer of some or all of Our assets, whether as a going concern or as part of bankruptcy, liquidation, or similar proceeding, in which Personal Data held by Us about our Service users is among the assets transferred.

  • For other purposes: We may use Your information for other purposes, such as data analysis, identifying usage trends, determining the effectiveness of our promotional campaigns and to evaluate and improve our Service, products, services, marketing and your experience.

We may share Your personal information in the following situations:

  • With Service Providers: We may share Your personal information with Service Providers to monitor and analyze the use of our Service, to contact You.
  • For business transfers: We may share or transfer Your personal information in connection with, or during negotiations of, any merger, sale of Company assets, financing, or acquisition of all or a portion of Our business to another company.
  • With Affiliates: We may share Your information with Our affiliates, in which case we will require those affiliates to honor this Privacy Policy. Affiliates include Our parent company and any other subsidiaries, joint venture partners or other companies that We control or that are under common control with Us.
  • With business partners: We may share Your information with Our business partners to offer You certain products, services or promotions.
  • With other users: when You share personal information or otherwise interact in the public areas with other users, such information may be viewed by all users and may be publicly distributed outside. If You interact with other users or register through a Third-Party Social Media Service, Your contacts on the Third-Party Social Media Service may see Your name, profile, pictures and description of Your activity. Similarly, other users will be able to view descriptions of Your activity, communicate with You and view Your profile.
  • With Your consent: We may disclose Your personal information for any other purpose with Your consent.

Retention of Your Personal Data

The Company will retain Your Personal Data only for as long as is necessary for the purposes set out in this Privacy Policy. We will retain and use Your Personal Data to the extent necessary to comply with our legal obligations (for example, if we are required to retain your data to comply with applicable laws), resolve disputes, and enforce our legal agreements and policies.

The Company will also retain Usage Data for internal analysis purposes. Usage Data is generally retained for a shorter period of time, except when this data is used to strengthen the security or to improve the functionality of Our Service, or We are legally obligated to retain this data for longer time periods.

Transfer of Your Personal Data

Your information, including Personal Data, is processed at the Company's operating offices and in any other places where the parties involved in the processing are located. It means that this information may be transferred to — and maintained on — computers located outside of Your state, province, country or other governmental jurisdiction where the data protection laws may differ than those from Your jurisdiction.

Your consent to this Privacy Policy followed by Your submission of such information represents Your agreement to that transfer.

The Company will take all steps reasonably necessary to ensure that Your data is treated securely and in accordance with this Privacy Policy and no transfer of Your Personal Data will take place to an organization or a country unless there are adequate controls in place including the security of Your data and other personal information.

Delete Your Personal Data

You have the right to delete or request that We assist in deleting the Personal Data that We have collected about You.

Our Service may give You the ability to delete certain information about You from within the Service.

You may update, amend, or delete Your information at any time by signing in to Your Account, if you have one, and visiting the account settings section that allows you to manage Your personal information. You may also contact Us to request access to, correct, or delete any personal information that You have provided to Us.

Please note, however, that We may need to retain certain information when we have a legal obligation or lawful basis to do so.

Disclosure of Your Personal Data

Business Transactions

If the Company is involved in a merger, acquisition or asset sale, Your Personal Data may be transferred. We will provide notice before Your Personal Data is transferred and becomes subject to a different Privacy Policy.

Law enforcement

Under certain circumstances, the Company may be required to disclose Your Personal Data if required to do so by law or in response to valid requests by public authorities (e.g. a court or a government agency).

Other legal requirements

The Company may disclose Your Personal Data in the good faith belief that such action is necessary to:

  • Comply with a legal obligation
  • Protect and defend the rights or property of the Company
  • Prevent or investigate possible wrongdoing in connection with the Service
  • Protect the personal safety of Users of the Service or the public
  • Protect against legal liability

Security of Your Personal Data

The security of Your Personal Data is important to Us, but remember that no method of transmission over the Internet, or method of electronic storage is 100% secure. While We strive to use commercially acceptable means to protect Your Personal Data, We cannot guarantee its absolute security.

Children's Privacy

Our Service does not address anyone under the age of 13. We do not knowingly collect personally identifiable information from anyone under the age of 13. If You are a parent or guardian and You are aware that Your child has provided Us with Personal Data, please contact Us. If We become aware that We have collected Personal Data from anyone under the age of 13 without verification of parental consent, We take steps to remove that information from Our servers.

If We need to rely on consent as a legal basis for processing Your information and Your country requires consent from a parent, We may require Your parent's consent before We collect and use that information.

Links to Other Websites

Our Service may contain links to other websites that are not operated by Us. If You click on a third party link, You will be directed to that third party's site. We strongly advise You to review the Privacy Policy of every site You visit.

We have no control over and assume no responsibility for the content, privacy policies or practices of any third party sites or services.

Changes to this Privacy Policy

We may update Our Privacy Policy from time to time. We will notify You of any changes by posting the new Privacy Policy on this page.

We will let You know via email and/or a prominent notice on Our Service, prior to the change becoming effective and update the "Last updated" date at the top of this Privacy Policy.

You are advised to review this Privacy Policy periodically for any changes. Changes to this Privacy Policy are effective when they are posted on this page.

Contact Us

If you have any questions about this Privacy Policy, You can contact us:


Privacy Policy for THECEOAKHIL

Privacy Policy

Last updated: September 06, 2023

This Privacy Policy describes Our policies and procedures on the collection, use and disclosure of Your information when You use the Service and tells You about Your privacy rights and how the law protects You.

We use Your Personal data to provide and improve the Service. By using the Service, You agree to the collection and use of information in accordance with this Privacy Policy. This Privacy Policy has been created with the help of the Free Privacy Policy Generator.

Interpretation and Definitions

Interpretation

The words of which the initial letter is capitalized have meanings defined under the following conditions. The following definitions shall have the same meaning regardless of whether they appear in singular or in plural.

Definitions

For the purposes of this Privacy Policy:

  • Account means a unique account created for You to access our Service or parts of our Service.

  • Affiliate means an entity that controls, is controlled by or is under common control with a party, where "control" means ownership of 50% or more of the shares, equity interest or other securities entitled to vote for election of directors or other managing authority.

  • Company (referred to as either "the Company", "We", "Us" or "Our" in this Agreement) refers to THECEOAKHIL.

  • Cookies are small files that are placed on Your computer, mobile device or any other device by a website, containing the details of Your browsing history on that website among its many uses.

  • Country refers to: Telangana, India

  • Device means any device that can access the Service such as a computer, a cellphone or a digital tablet.

  • Personal Data is any information that relates to an identified or identifiable individual.

  • Service refers to the Website.

  • Service Provider means any natural or legal person who processes the data on behalf of the Company. It refers to third-party companies or individuals employed by the Company to facilitate the Service, to provide the Service on behalf of the Company, to perform services related to the Service or to assist the Company in analyzing how the Service is used.

  • Third-party Social Media Service refers to any website or any social network website through which a User can log in or create an account to use the Service.

  • Usage Data refers to data collected automatically, either generated by the use of the Service or from the Service infrastructure itself (for example, the duration of a page visit).

  • Website refers to THECEOAKHIL, accessible from https://theceoakhil.blogspot.com/

  • You means the individual accessing or using the Service, or the company, or other legal entity on behalf of which such individual is accessing or using the Service, as applicable.

Collecting and Using Your Personal Data

Types of Data Collected

Personal Data

While using Our Service, We may ask You to provide Us with certain personally identifiable information that can be used to contact or identify You. Personally identifiable information may include, but is not limited to:

  • Email address

  • First name and last name

  • Phone number

  • Address, State, Province, ZIP/Postal code, City

  • Usage Data

Usage Data

Usage Data is collected automatically when using the Service.

Usage Data may include information such as Your Device's Internet Protocol address (e.g. IP address), browser type, browser version, the pages of our Service that You visit, the time and date of Your visit, the time spent on those pages, unique device identifiers and other diagnostic data.

When You access the Service by or through a mobile device, We may collect certain information automatically, including, but not limited to, the type of mobile device You use, Your mobile device unique ID, the IP address of Your mobile device, Your mobile operating system, the type of mobile Internet browser You use, unique device identifiers and other diagnostic data.

We may also collect information that Your browser sends whenever You visit our Service or when You access the Service by or through a mobile device.

Information from Third-Party Social Media Services

The Company allows You to create an account and log in to use the Service through the following Third-party Social Media Services:

  • Google
  • Facebook
  • Instagram
  • Twitter
  • LinkedIn

If You decide to register through or otherwise grant us access to a Third-Party Social Media Service, We may collect Personal data that is already associated with Your Third-Party Social Media Service's account, such as Your name, Your email address, Your activities or Your contact list associated with that account.

You may also have the option of sharing additional information with the Company through Your Third-Party Social Media Service's account. If You choose to provide such information and Personal Data, during registration or otherwise, You are giving the Company permission to use, share, and store it in a manner consistent with this Privacy Policy.

Tracking Technologies and Cookies

We use Cookies and similar tracking technologies to track the activity on Our Service and store certain information. Tracking technologies used are beacons, tags, and scripts to collect and track information and to improve and analyze Our Service. The technologies We use may include:

  • Cookies or Browser Cookies. A cookie is a small file placed on Your Device. You can instruct Your browser to refuse all Cookies or to indicate when a Cookie is being sent. However, if You do not accept Cookies, You may not be able to use some parts of our Service. Unless you have adjusted Your browser setting so that it will refuse Cookies, our Service may use Cookies.
  • Web Beacons. Certain sections of our Service and our emails may contain small electronic files known as web beacons (also referred to as clear gifs, pixel tags, and single-pixel gifs) that permit the Company, for example, to count users who have visited those pages or opened an email and for other related website statistics (for example, recording the popularity of a certain section and verifying system and server integrity).

Cookies can be "Persistent" or "Session" Cookies. Persistent Cookies remain on Your personal computer or mobile device when You go offline, while Session Cookies are deleted as soon as You close Your web browser. Learn more about cookies on the Free Privacy Policy website article.

We use both Session and Persistent Cookies for the purposes set out below:

  • Necessary / Essential Cookies

    Type: Session Cookies

    Administered by: Us

    Purpose: These Cookies are essential to provide You with services available through the Website and to enable You to use some of its features. They help to authenticate users and prevent fraudulent use of user accounts. Without these Cookies, the services that You have asked for cannot be provided, and We only use these Cookies to provide You with those services.

  • Cookies Policy / Notice Acceptance Cookies

    Type: Persistent Cookies

    Administered by: Us

    Purpose: These Cookies identify if users have accepted the use of cookies on the Website.

  • Functionality Cookies

    Type: Persistent Cookies

    Administered by: Us

    Purpose: These Cookies allow us to remember choices You make when You use the Website, such as remembering your login details or language preference. The purpose of these Cookies is to provide You with a more personal experience and to avoid You having to re-enter your preferences every time You use the Website.

For more information about the cookies we use and your choices regarding cookies, please visit our Cookies Policy or the Cookies section of our Privacy Policy.

Use of Your Personal Data

The Company may use Personal Data for the following purposes:

  • To provide and maintain our Service, including to monitor the usage of our Service.

  • To manage Your Account: to manage Your registration as a user of the Service. The Personal Data You provide can give You access to different functionalities of the Service that are available to You as a registered user.

  • For the performance of a contract: the development, compliance and undertaking of the purchase contract for the products, items or services You have purchased or of any other contract with Us through the Service.

  • To contact You: To contact You by email, telephone calls, SMS, or other equivalent forms of electronic communication, such as a mobile application's push notifications regarding updates or informative communications related to the functionalities, products or contracted services, including the security updates, when necessary or reasonable for their implementation.

  • To provide You with news, special offers and general information about other goods, services and events which we offer that are similar to those that you have already purchased or enquired about unless You have opted not to receive such information.

  • To manage Your requests: To attend and manage Your requests to Us.

  • For business transfers: We may use Your information to evaluate or conduct a merger, divestiture, restructuring, reorganization, dissolution, or other sale or transfer of some or all of Our assets, whether as a going concern or as part of bankruptcy, liquidation, or similar proceeding, in which Personal Data held by Us about our Service users is among the assets transferred.

  • For other purposes: We may use Your information for other purposes, such as data analysis, identifying usage trends, determining the effectiveness of our promotional campaigns and to evaluate and improve our Service, products, services, marketing and your experience.

We may share Your personal information in the following situations:

  • With Service Providers: We may share Your personal information with Service Providers to monitor and analyze the use of our Service, to contact You.
  • For business transfers: We may share or transfer Your personal information in connection with, or during negotiations of, any merger, sale of Company assets, financing, or acquisition of all or a portion of Our business to another company.
  • With Affiliates: We may share Your information with Our affiliates, in which case we will require those affiliates to honor this Privacy Policy. Affiliates include Our parent company and any other subsidiaries, joint venture partners or other companies that We control or that are under common control with Us.
  • With business partners: We may share Your information with Our business partners to offer You certain products, services or promotions.
  • With other users: when You share personal information or otherwise interact in the public areas with other users, such information may be viewed by all users and may be publicly distributed outside. If You interact with other users or register through a Third-Party Social Media Service, Your contacts on the Third-Party Social Media Service may see Your name, profile, pictures and description of Your activity. Similarly, other users will be able to view descriptions of Your activity, communicate with You and view Your profile.
  • With Your consent: We may disclose Your personal information for any other purpose with Your consent.

Retention of Your Personal Data

The Company will retain Your Personal Data only for as long as is necessary for the purposes set out in this Privacy Policy. We will retain and use Your Personal Data to the extent necessary to comply with our legal obligations (for example, if we are required to retain your data to comply with applicable laws), resolve disputes, and enforce our legal agreements and policies.

The Company will also retain Usage Data for internal analysis purposes. Usage Data is generally retained for a shorter period of time, except when this data is used to strengthen the security or to improve the functionality of Our Service, or We are legally obligated to retain this data for longer time periods.

Transfer of Your Personal Data

Your information, including Personal Data, is processed at the Company's operating offices and in any other places where the parties involved in the processing are located. It means that this information may be transferred to — and maintained on — computers located outside of Your state, province, country or other governmental jurisdiction where the data protection laws may differ than those from Your jurisdiction.

Your consent to this Privacy Policy followed by Your submission of such information represents Your agreement to that transfer.

The Company will take all steps reasonably necessary to ensure that Your data is treated securely and in accordance with this Privacy Policy and no transfer of Your Personal Data will take place to an organization or a country unless there are adequate controls in place including the security of Your data and other personal information.

Delete Your Personal Data

You have the right to delete or request that We assist in deleting the Personal Data that We have collected about You.

Our Service may give You the ability to delete certain information about You from within the Service.

You may update, amend, or delete Your information at any time by signing in to Your Account, if you have one, and visiting the account settings section that allows you to manage Your personal information. You may also contact Us to request access to, correct, or delete any personal information that You have provided to Us.

Please note, however, that We may need to retain certain information when we have a legal obligation or lawful basis to do so.

Disclosure of Your Personal Data

Business Transactions

If the Company is involved in a merger, acquisition or asset sale, Your Personal Data may be transferred. We will provide notice before Your Personal Data is transferred and becomes subject to a different Privacy Policy.

Law enforcement

Under certain circumstances, the Company may be required to disclose Your Personal Data if required to do so by law or in response to valid requests by public authorities (e.g. a court or a government agency).

Other legal requirements

The Company may disclose Your Personal Data in the good faith belief that such action is necessary to:

  • Comply with a legal obligation
  • Protect and defend the rights or property of the Company
  • Prevent or investigate possible wrongdoing in connection with the Service
  • Protect the personal safety of Users of the Service or the public
  • Protect against legal liability

Security of Your Personal Data

The security of Your Personal Data is important to Us, but remember that no method of transmission over the Internet, or method of electronic storage is 100% secure. While We strive to use commercially acceptable means to protect Your Personal Data, We cannot guarantee its absolute security.

Children's Privacy

Our Service does not address anyone under the age of 13. We do not knowingly collect personally identifiable information from anyone under the age of 13. If You are a parent or guardian and You are aware that Your child has provided Us with Personal Data, please contact Us. If We become aware that We have collected Personal Data from anyone under the age of 13 without verification of parental consent, We take steps to remove that information from Our servers.

If We need to rely on consent as a legal basis for processing Your information and Your country requires consent from a parent, We may require Your parent's consent before We collect and use that information.

Links to Other Websites

Our Service may contain links to other websites that are not operated by Us. If You click on a third party link, You will be directed to that third party's site. We strongly advise You to review the Privacy Policy of every site You visit.

We have no control over and assume no responsibility for the content, privacy policies or practices of any third party sites or services.

Changes to this Privacy Policy

We may update Our Privacy Policy from time to time. We will notify You of any changes by posting the new Privacy Policy on this page.

We will let You know via email and/or a prominent notice on Our Service, prior to the change becoming effective and update the "Last updated" date at the top of this Privacy Policy.

You are advised to review this Privacy Policy periodically for any changes. Changes to this Privacy Policy are effective when they are posted on this page.

Contact Us

If you have any questions about this Privacy Policy, You can contact us:


SITE FOR MSC STUDENTS

                 No comments:  

Are you an MSC Computer Science student looking for a one-stop destination for all your academic needs? Look no further! Welcome to our comprehensive resource hub tailored specifically for MSC Computer Science students like you. Whether you need lecture notes, previous exam papers, or lab manuals, we've got you covered. Get ready to embark on a journey of academic excellence with our vast array of resources.

Dive into the World of Notes:

Our extensive collection of meticulously curated lecture notes covers a wide range of topics in computer science. From algorithms and data structures to artificial intelligence and machine learning, you'll find notes that simplify complex concepts and make your study sessions more productive. These notes are crafted by experts in the field, ensuring accuracy and relevance to your coursework.

Conquer Exams with Previous Papers:

Preparing for exams can be daunting, but with our repository of previous exam papers, you can build confidence and excel in your assessments. Practice makes perfect, and our collection of past papers from various universities will help you gauge your progress and familiarize yourself with different exam formats.

Hands-On Learning with Lab Manuals:

Computer science is not just about theory; it's also about practical application. Our lab manuals provide step-by-step guidance for your laboratory assignments and projects. Whether you're exploring coding, networking, or software development, our lab manuals will be your trusted companions throughout your practical coursework.

Stay Informed with the Latest Updates:

In the rapidly evolving field of computer science, staying updated is crucial. We keep you in the loop with the latest news, research findings, and technological advancements. Our blog section offers insights into emerging trends, interviews with industry experts, and discussions on cutting-edge topics, ensuring you're always ahead of the curve.

Interactive Community for Networking:

Connect with fellow MSC Computer Science students in our vibrant online community. Share your knowledge, ask questions, and collaborate on projects. Networking with peers can be invaluable in enhancing your learning experience and building a supportive academic network.

Easy Navigation and Accessibility:

We understand the importance of user-friendly navigation. Our website is designed with you in mind, ensuring easy access to the resources you need. Whether you're on your laptop, tablet, or smartphone, you can access our resources anytime, anywhere.

Your Success Is Our Priority:

At MSC Computer Science student is our top priority. We are dedicated to helping you achieve your academic goals by providing high-quality resources and fostering a community of learning and collaboration.

So, why wait? Dive into the world of resources designed to empower you on your MSC Computer Science journey. Whether you're preparing for exams, working on assignments, or simply expanding your knowledge, we're here to support you every step of the way. Welcome to your ultimate resource hub – let's embark on this exciting academic adventure together!


👉👉👉CLICK HERE FOR WEBSITE


Are you an MSC Computer Science student looking for a one-stop destination for all your academic needs? Look no further! Welcome to our comprehensive resource hub tailored specifically for MSC Computer Science students like you. Whether you need lecture notes, previous exam papers, or lab manuals, we've got you covered. Get ready to embark on a journey of academic excellence with our vast array of resources.

Dive into the World of Notes:

Our extensive collection of meticulously curated lecture notes covers a wide range of topics in computer science. From algorithms and data structures to artificial intelligence and machine learning, you'll find notes that simplify complex concepts and make your study sessions more productive. These notes are crafted by experts in the field, ensuring accuracy and relevance to your coursework.

Conquer Exams with Previous Papers:

Preparing for exams can be daunting, but with our repository of previous exam papers, you can build confidence and excel in your assessments. Practice makes perfect, and our collection of past papers from various universities will help you gauge your progress and familiarize yourself with different exam formats.

Hands-On Learning with Lab Manuals:

Computer science is not just about theory; it's also about practical application. Our lab manuals provide step-by-step guidance for your laboratory assignments and projects. Whether you're exploring coding, networking, or software development, our lab manuals will be your trusted companions throughout your practical coursework.

Stay Informed with the Latest Updates:

In the rapidly evolving field of computer science, staying updated is crucial. We keep you in the loop with the latest news, research findings, and technological advancements. Our blog section offers insights into emerging trends, interviews with industry experts, and discussions on cutting-edge topics, ensuring you're always ahead of the curve.

Interactive Community for Networking:

Connect with fellow MSC Computer Science students in our vibrant online community. Share your knowledge, ask questions, and collaborate on projects. Networking with peers can be invaluable in enhancing your learning experience and building a supportive academic network.

Easy Navigation and Accessibility:

We understand the importance of user-friendly navigation. Our website is designed with you in mind, ensuring easy access to the resources you need. Whether you're on your laptop, tablet, or smartphone, you can access our resources anytime, anywhere.

Your Success Is Our Priority:

At MSC Computer Science student is our top priority. We are dedicated to helping you achieve your academic goals by providing high-quality resources and fostering a community of learning and collaboration.

So, why wait? Dive into the world of resources designed to empower you on your MSC Computer Science journey. Whether you're preparing for exams, working on assignments, or simply expanding your knowledge, we're here to support you every step of the way. Welcome to your ultimate resource hub – let's embark on this exciting academic adventure together!


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Welcome to "TheCEOakhil," your digital gateway to a treasure trove of knowledge for computer science aspirants! Whether you're a budding coder, a tech enthusiast, or a seasoned programmer, our blog is your go-to destination for accessing a wealth of ebooks that will supercharge your learning journey.

Why "TheCEOakhil"?

  1. Diverse Selection: At "TheCEOakhil," we understand that the field of computer science is vast and ever-evolving. That's why we offer a wide range of ebooks covering everything from programming languages, data science, artificial intelligence, cybersecurity, and more. No matter your area of interest, you'll find ebooks tailored to your needs.

  2. Quality Content: Our ebooks are curated with care, ensuring that you receive the most up-to-date and accurate information. We source content from industry experts and thought leaders to provide you with a top-notch learning experience.

  3. Free Downloads: Education should be accessible to everyone, which is why all our ebooks are available for free download. Say goodbye to costly textbooks and hello to a cost-effective way to expand your knowledge.

  4. User-Friendly: We've designed "TheCEOakhil" blog with user convenience in mind. Navigating our website is a breeze, allowing you to find and download the ebooks you need quickly.

  5. Community Hub: Join a thriving community of like-minded computer science enthusiasts. Connect with fellow readers, ask questions, share insights, and collaborate on projects to enhance your learning experience.

  6. Regular Updates: Stay ahead of the curve with our regular ebook updates. We continuously add new titles and keep existing content current to reflect the latest developments in the field.

  7. No Registration Required: We believe in a hassle-free experience. You won't need to create an account or jump through hoops to access our ebooks. Simply browse, click, and download.

"TheCEOakhil" is more than just a blog; it's a resource hub that empowers computer science aspirants to reach their full potential. Whether you're preparing for exams, working on a personal project, or simply want to stay informed about the latest trends in the tech world, our ebooks are your trusty companions on this exciting journey.

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Tuesday, September 5, 2023

C++ Operator Overloading

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C++ Operator Overloading

In C++, we can change the way operators work for user-defined types like objects and structures. This is known as operator overloading. For example,

Suppose we have created three objects c1, c2 and result from a class named Complex that represents complex numbers.

Since operator overloading allows us to change how operators work, we can redefine how the + operator works and use it to add the complex numbers of c1 and c2 by writing the following code:

result = c1 + c2;

instead of something like

result = c1.addNumbers(c2);

This makes our code intuitive and easy to understand.

Note: We cannot use operator overloading for fundamental data types like int, float, char and so on.

Syntax for C++ Operator Overloading

To overload an operator, we use a special operator function. We define the function inside the class or structure whose objects/variables we want the overloaded operator to work with.

class className {
    ... .. ...
    public
       returnType operator symbol (arguments) {
           ... .. ...
       } 
    ... .. ...
};

Here,

  • returnType is the return type of the function.
  • operator is a keyword.
  • symbol is the operator we want to overload. Like: +, <, -, ++, etc.
  • arguments is the arguments passed to the function.

Operator Overloading in Unary Operators

Unary operators operate on only one operand. The increment operator ++ and decrement operator -- are examples of unary operators.

Example1: ++ Operator (Unary Operator) Overloading

// Overload ++ when used as prefix

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

class Count {
   private:
    int value;

   public:

    // Constructor to initialize count to 5
    Count() : value(5) {}

    // Overload ++ when used as prefix
    void operator ++ () {
        ++value;
    }

    void display() {
        cout << "Count: " << value << endl;
    }
};

int main() {
    Count count1;

    // Call the "void operator ++ ()" function
    ++count1;

    count1.display();
    return 0;
}
Run Code

Output

Count: 6

Here, when we use ++count1;, the void operator ++ () is called. This increases the value attribute for the object count1 by 1.

Note: When we overload operators, we can use it to work in any way we like. For example, we could have used ++ to increase value by 100.

However, this makes our code confusing and difficult to understand. It's our job as a programmer to use operator overloading properly and in a consistent and intuitive way.

The above example works only when ++ is used as a prefix. To make ++ work as a postfix we use this syntax.

void operator ++ (int) {
    // code
}

Notice the int inside the parentheses. It's the syntax used for using unary operators as postfix; it's not a function parameter.

Example 2: ++ Operator (Unary Operator) Overloading

// Overload ++ when used as prefix and postfix

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

class Count {
   private:
    int value;

   public:

    // Constructor to initialize count to 5
    Count() : value(5) {}


    // Overload ++ when used as prefix
    void operator ++ () {
        ++value;
    }


    // Overload ++ when used as postfix
    void operator ++ (int) {
        value++;
    }

    void display() {
        cout << "Count: " << value << endl;
    }
};

int main() {
    Count count1;

    // Call the "void operator ++ (int)" function
    count1++;
    count1.display();

    // Call the "void operator ++ ()" function
    ++count1;

    count1.display();
    return 0;
}
Run Code

Output

Count: 6
Count: 7

The Example 2 works when ++ is used as both prefix and postfix. However, it doesn't work if we try to do something like this:

Count count1, result;

// Error
result = ++count1;

This is because the return type of our operator function is void. We can solve this problem by making Count as the return type of the operator function.

// return Count when ++ used as prefix

Count operator ++ () {
    // code
}

// return Count when ++ used as postfix

Count operator ++ (int) {
   // code
}

Example 3: Return Value from Operator Function (++ Operator)

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

class Count {
   private:
    int value;

   public
       :
    // Constructor to initialize count to 5
    Count() : value(5) {}

    // Overload ++ when used as prefix
    Count operator ++ () {
        Count temp;

        // Here, value is the value attribute of the calling object
        temp.value = ++value;

        return temp;
    }

    // Overload ++ when used as postfix
    Count operator ++ (int) {
        Count temp;

        // Here, value is the value attribute of the calling object
        temp.value = value++;

        return temp;
    }

    void display() {
        cout << "Count: " << value << endl;
    }
};

int main() {
    Count count1, result;

    // Call the "Count operator ++ ()" function
    result = ++count1;
    result.display();

    // Call the "Count operator ++ (int)" function
    result = count1++;
    result.display();

    return 0;
}
Run Code

Output

Count: 6
Count: 6

Here, we have used the following code for prefix operator overloading:

// Overload ++ when used as prefix
Count operator ++ () {
    Count temp;

    // Here, value is the value attribute of the calling object
    temp.value = ++value;

    return temp;
}

The code for the postfix operator overloading is also similar. Notice that we have created an object temp and returned its value to the operator function.

Also, notice the code

temp.value = ++value;

The variable value belongs to the count1 object in main() because count1 is calling the function, while temp.value belongs to the temp object.

Operator Overloading in Binary Operators

Binary operators work on two operands. For example,

result = num + 9;

Here, + is a binary operator that works on the operands num and 9.

When we overload the binary operator for user-defined types by using the code:

obj3 = obj1 + obj2;

The operator function is called using the obj1 object and obj2 is passed as an argument to the function.

Example 4: C++ Binary Operator Overloading

// C++ program to overload the binary operator +
// This program adds two complex numbers

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

class Complex {
   private:
    float real;
    float imag;

   public:
    // Constructor to initialize real and imag to 0
    Complex() : real(0), imag(0) {}

    void input() {
        cout << "Enter real and imaginary parts respectively: ";
        cin >> real;
        cin >> imag;
    }

    // Overload the + operator
    Complex operator + (const Complex& obj) {
        Complex temp;
        temp.real = real + obj.real;
        temp.imag = imag + obj.imag;
        return temp;
    }

    void output() {
        if (imag < 0)
            cout << "Output Complex number: " << real << imag << "i";
        else
            cout << "Output Complex number: " << real << "+" << imag << "i";
    }
};

int main() {
    Complex complex1, complex2, result;

    cout << "Enter first complex number:\n";
    complex1.input();

    cout << "Enter second complex number:\n";
    complex2.input();

   // complex1 calls the operator function
   // complex2 is passed as an argument to the function
    result = complex1 + complex2;
    result.output();

    return 0;
}
Run Code

Output

Enter first complex number:
Enter real and imaginary parts respectively: 9 5
Enter second complex number:
Enter real and imaginary parts respectively: 7 6
Output Complex number: 16+11i

In this program, the operator function is:

Complex operator + (const Complex& obj) {
    // code
}

Instead of this, we also could have written this function like:

Complex operator + (Complex obj) {
    // code
}

However,

  • using & makes our code efficient by referencing the complex2 object instead of making a duplicate object inside the operator function.
  • using const is considered a good practice because it prevents the operator function from modifying complex2.
C++ Binary Operator Overloading
Overloading binary operators in C++

Things to Remember in C++ Operator Overloading

  1. Two operators = and & are already overloaded by default in C++. For example, to copy objects of the same class, we can directly use the = operator. We do not need to create an operator function.
  2. Operator overloading cannot change the precedence and associativity of operators. However, if we want to change the order of evaluation, parentheses should be used.
  3. There are 4 operators that cannot be overloaded in C++. They are:
    1. :: (scope resolution)
    2. . (member selection)
    3. .* (member selection through pointer to function)
    4. ?: (ternary operator)

 

C++ Operator Overloading

In C++, we can change the way operators work for user-defined types like objects and structures. This is known as operator overloading. For example,

Suppose we have created three objects c1, c2 and result from a class named Complex that represents complex numbers.

Since operator overloading allows us to change how operators work, we can redefine how the + operator works and use it to add the complex numbers of c1 and c2 by writing the following code:

result = c1 + c2;

instead of something like

result = c1.addNumbers(c2);

This makes our code intuitive and easy to understand.

Note: We cannot use operator overloading for fundamental data types like int, float, char and so on.

Syntax for C++ Operator Overloading

To overload an operator, we use a special operator function. We define the function inside the class or structure whose objects/variables we want the overloaded operator to work with.

class className {
    ... .. ...
    public
       returnType operator symbol (arguments) {
           ... .. ...
       } 
    ... .. ...
};

Here,

  • returnType is the return type of the function.
  • operator is a keyword.
  • symbol is the operator we want to overload. Like: +, <, -, ++, etc.
  • arguments is the arguments passed to the function.

Operator Overloading in Unary Operators

Unary operators operate on only one operand. The increment operator ++ and decrement operator -- are examples of unary operators.

Example1: ++ Operator (Unary Operator) Overloading

// Overload ++ when used as prefix

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

class Count {
   private:
    int value;

   public:

    // Constructor to initialize count to 5
    Count() : value(5) {}

    // Overload ++ when used as prefix
    void operator ++ () {
        ++value;
    }

    void display() {
        cout << "Count: " << value << endl;
    }
};

int main() {
    Count count1;

    // Call the "void operator ++ ()" function
    ++count1;

    count1.display();
    return 0;
}
Run Code

Output

Count: 6

Here, when we use ++count1;, the void operator ++ () is called. This increases the value attribute for the object count1 by 1.

Note: When we overload operators, we can use it to work in any way we like. For example, we could have used ++ to increase value by 100.

However, this makes our code confusing and difficult to understand. It's our job as a programmer to use operator overloading properly and in a consistent and intuitive way.

The above example works only when ++ is used as a prefix. To make ++ work as a postfix we use this syntax.

void operator ++ (int) {
    // code
}

Notice the int inside the parentheses. It's the syntax used for using unary operators as postfix; it's not a function parameter.

Example 2: ++ Operator (Unary Operator) Overloading

// Overload ++ when used as prefix and postfix

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

class Count {
   private:
    int value;

   public:

    // Constructor to initialize count to 5
    Count() : value(5) {}


    // Overload ++ when used as prefix
    void operator ++ () {
        ++value;
    }


    // Overload ++ when used as postfix
    void operator ++ (int) {
        value++;
    }

    void display() {
        cout << "Count: " << value << endl;
    }
};

int main() {
    Count count1;

    // Call the "void operator ++ (int)" function
    count1++;
    count1.display();

    // Call the "void operator ++ ()" function
    ++count1;

    count1.display();
    return 0;
}
Run Code

Output

Count: 6
Count: 7

The Example 2 works when ++ is used as both prefix and postfix. However, it doesn't work if we try to do something like this:

Count count1, result;

// Error
result = ++count1;

This is because the return type of our operator function is void. We can solve this problem by making Count as the return type of the operator function.

// return Count when ++ used as prefix

Count operator ++ () {
    // code
}

// return Count when ++ used as postfix

Count operator ++ (int) {
   // code
}

Example 3: Return Value from Operator Function (++ Operator)

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

class Count {
   private:
    int value;

   public
       :
    // Constructor to initialize count to 5
    Count() : value(5) {}

    // Overload ++ when used as prefix
    Count operator ++ () {
        Count temp;

        // Here, value is the value attribute of the calling object
        temp.value = ++value;

        return temp;
    }

    // Overload ++ when used as postfix
    Count operator ++ (int) {
        Count temp;

        // Here, value is the value attribute of the calling object
        temp.value = value++;

        return temp;
    }

    void display() {
        cout << "Count: " << value << endl;
    }
};

int main() {
    Count count1, result;

    // Call the "Count operator ++ ()" function
    result = ++count1;
    result.display();

    // Call the "Count operator ++ (int)" function
    result = count1++;
    result.display();

    return 0;
}
Run Code

Output

Count: 6
Count: 6

Here, we have used the following code for prefix operator overloading:

// Overload ++ when used as prefix
Count operator ++ () {
    Count temp;

    // Here, value is the value attribute of the calling object
    temp.value = ++value;

    return temp;
}

The code for the postfix operator overloading is also similar. Notice that we have created an object temp and returned its value to the operator function.

Also, notice the code

temp.value = ++value;

The variable value belongs to the count1 object in main() because count1 is calling the function, while temp.value belongs to the temp object.

Operator Overloading in Binary Operators

Binary operators work on two operands. For example,

result = num + 9;

Here, + is a binary operator that works on the operands num and 9.

When we overload the binary operator for user-defined types by using the code:

obj3 = obj1 + obj2;

The operator function is called using the obj1 object and obj2 is passed as an argument to the function.

Example 4: C++ Binary Operator Overloading

// C++ program to overload the binary operator +
// This program adds two complex numbers

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

class Complex {
   private:
    float real;
    float imag;

   public:
    // Constructor to initialize real and imag to 0
    Complex() : real(0), imag(0) {}

    void input() {
        cout << "Enter real and imaginary parts respectively: ";
        cin >> real;
        cin >> imag;
    }

    // Overload the + operator
    Complex operator + (const Complex& obj) {
        Complex temp;
        temp.real = real + obj.real;
        temp.imag = imag + obj.imag;
        return temp;
    }

    void output() {
        if (imag < 0)
            cout << "Output Complex number: " << real << imag << "i";
        else
            cout << "Output Complex number: " << real << "+" << imag << "i";
    }
};

int main() {
    Complex complex1, complex2, result;

    cout << "Enter first complex number:\n";
    complex1.input();

    cout << "Enter second complex number:\n";
    complex2.input();

   // complex1 calls the operator function
   // complex2 is passed as an argument to the function
    result = complex1 + complex2;
    result.output();

    return 0;
}
Run Code

Output

Enter first complex number:
Enter real and imaginary parts respectively: 9 5
Enter second complex number:
Enter real and imaginary parts respectively: 7 6
Output Complex number: 16+11i

In this program, the operator function is:

Complex operator + (const Complex& obj) {
    // code
}

Instead of this, we also could have written this function like:

Complex operator + (Complex obj) {
    // code
}

However,

  • using & makes our code efficient by referencing the complex2 object instead of making a duplicate object inside the operator function.
  • using const is considered a good practice because it prevents the operator function from modifying complex2.
C++ Binary Operator Overloading
Overloading binary operators in C++

Things to Remember in C++ Operator Overloading

  1. Two operators = and & are already overloaded by default in C++. For example, to copy objects of the same class, we can directly use the = operator. We do not need to create an operator function.
  2. Operator overloading cannot change the precedence and associativity of operators. However, if we want to change the order of evaluation, parentheses should be used.
  3. There are 4 operators that cannot be overloaded in C++. They are:
    1. :: (scope resolution)
    2. . (member selection)
    3. .* (member selection through pointer to function)
    4. ?: (ternary operator)

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